Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, CBE (November 7, 1888 - November 21, 1970) was an Indian physicist, who was awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scattering of light and a unique form of scattering known as Raman scattering or the Raman effect. This effect is useful for analyzing the compositions of solids, liquids, and gases. It can also be used to monitor manufacturing processes and diagnose diseases.
Family and Background;
Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888, in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu to
Tamil Brahmin family. C V Raman ancestors were agriculturists, established near Porasakudi Village and Mangudi in the Tanjore district. raman's father, Chandrasekhara Iyer, studied at a school in Kumbakonam and passed the Matriculation Examination in 1881. Eventually, in 1891, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in Physics at the Society for the Promotion of the Gospel College in Tiruchirapalli. Chandrasekara became a lecturer in the same college. passing the Matriculation Exam, he was married Parvathi Ammal, they had eight children-five sons and three daughters. On Nov 7, 1888,couple's second child, Raman, was born in his maternal grandfather's house in Tiruvanaikkaval.
Raman's elder brother, the first child, was C. Subrahmanya (better known as C.S. Iyer). His son, (Raman's nephew) Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, get up to become an extraordinary astrophysicist, and was the Morton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor in the University of Chicago, and also a Nobel Laureate.
School;
When Raman was four years old, his father, Chandrasekaran, moved to Visakhapatnam to take up a post as lecturer in the A. A. Narasimha Rao College. There he taught physics, mathematics, and physical geography. Chandrasekaran was considered strong, both physically and mentally, as well as Indian Carnatic music, among other activities.
but Raman was not physically strong; however, Raman had intellectual brilliance. He excellenced in his studies, and exhibited early signs of unusual talent, winning accolades from his teachers and got many prizes and scholarships.
Raman interested in physics while still in school. once completely built-up a dynamo by himself, and had deep curiosity regarding the workings of physical concepts and devices.
C. V. Raman finished school at the age of eleven, by passing the Matriculation Examination with the first rank (top marks). He then joined the AVN College to study for the Intermediate Examination. He again earned accolades, and completed with merit marks in the university exams. In 1903, he left for Chennai ( Madras) with a scholarship to study for the BA degree in the Presidency College, where he was the youngest student. The Presidency College was the best college in South India at that time. Most of the professors at the Raman went to college were Europeans. Here, Raman's interest in physics has become more important, and he has also developed a great liking for English.
C. V. Raman completed his degree in physics while still a teenager
In 1904, Raman passed BA examinations with first rank in the university, and got gold medals in English and Physics. Raman's teaches him to go to England for further studies, but the Civil Surgeon of Madras ruled it out, claiming that the young Raman was too frail to the English climate. Instead Raman did his MA in Physics in Presidency College and did not go back until he was thirty-three. With the professor of physics at that time, R. Llewellyn Jones, Raman said, To mention only one detail, during my two years' work for the MA degree, I remember attending only one reading ... "
Books that Influenced Raman
Chandrasekara Venkata Raman found several books he came across in his career very useful and often eye-opening. Of the books that influenced him, he wrote
I am studying my school and studying at the age of eighteen. In this short span of years, the subject has been studied in many cases, in several cases up to the highest university standards. A list of all volumes I had to study terrifying length. Did these books influence me? Ancient Greek and Roman HistoryHypothesis and Public Finance, the late Sanskrit scholars and minor English creators, to state nothing of Physiography, Chemistry and twelve parts of Pure and Applied Mathematics, and Experimental and Theoretical Physics. Yet, out of this welter of subjects and books, would i be able to select anything truly to shape my psyche and otherworldly standpoint and decide my picked way throughout everyday life? Truly, I can and I will make reference to three books. ... The Light of Asia. I was intensely moved by the account of Siddhartha's incredible renunciation, of his look for truth and of his last illumination. This was a period when I was sufficiently youthful to be awed, and this perusing of the book immovably settled in my mind that this capacity to disavow the quest for lifted up objectives is the simple quintessence of human significance.
About books on science, Raman stated:
The following arrangement of books The Elements of Euclid. ... The pages of Euclid resemble the opening bars of the music of the incredible musical drama of Nature's extraordinary dramatization. So to state, they lift the cloak and show to our vision of the universe of regular information anticipating study.
Raman had a natural feeling of adoration for music and was impacted by crafted by Hermann von Helmholtz.
Raman said in regards to this third of the three books of incredible effect on him:
It was my incredible favorable luck, while I was as yet an understudy at school, to have a supposition of the subject. Out of the blue, I comprehended from its examination what logical research truly implied and how it could be attempted. I additionally assembled from an assortment of issues for the future and kept occupied for a long time.
Early Career and Marriage ;
Raman assumed control and passed his Masters examination in January 1907, once more, with a few imprints and a few props and prizes. While he was needed to center around science (especially look into) open doors for research in India (particularly for Indians) were zero. His probability of going to England had been governed out of his powerless wellbeing at the time. In this way, Raman's Eyes taken a gander at work in Government benefit, is known to be sheltered, secure, and even esteemed. Indeed, even for this situation, he was occupied with joining the Indian Civil Service (ICS), which was the most astounding position in Government benefit, however it was additionally important to ponder therapeutic conditions. . His next decision was the Financial Civil Service (FCS), where Raman's sibling C.S. Iyer was at that point a part. The FCS was the harbinger of the Indian Audit and Accounts Service of today. Creator G. Venkataraman states in his book Into Light Journey, "Enrollment to it was an all-India aggressive examination, however it's still noticeable all around." Raman was screened, and not surprisingly, stood first in the composed examination, however he needed to think about some new subjects like history and financial matters. Afterward, Raman's other sibling, Mr. Ramaswamy, trusted, "In the wake of coming back from the screening meeting Raman said," I investigated every one of the competitors who had collected, and I realized I would stand first. "" This example demonstrates the early arrangement of what is known to the Raman Ego!
Raman passed the FCS examination in 1907, and before having an official position, wedded Lokasundari. This piece of his life is in an exceptionally nontraditional way. Generally, Indian relational unions are masterminded by guardians this being a legitimate horoscope coordinate for their kid. This included examining the stars on their introduction to the world date, and other horoscopic figures. This is a visit by the kid and his folks to the young lady's home, to verify whether they like her-amid this time, the young lady as a rule is requested to give a melodic introduction. Given these game plans have been in understanding and the young lady's family is putting forth enough share, the date for their marriage is set.
Raman's wedding took a totally extraordinary course of occasions. As an understudy, Raman was neighborly with Mr. Ramaswamy Sivan, who was a freemason, theosophist, and a man with dynamic perspectives. Raman frequently went to visit Mr. Sivan at his home, where one day, he heard music from an Indian Classical Instrument, played by Lokasundari, Sivan's sister-in-law, who wanted a visit from Madurai. Lokasundari was very capable at playing the veenai, and Raman progressed toward becoming pulled in to her instantly. Around then, quite far, the subject of this article, Raman, who at any point concurred. Raman at that point continued to get his folks' endorsement. In any case, it was then discovered that Lokasundari, however of indistinguishable cast from Raman(Brahmin), was of a different subset - this match was, in those days, strictly prohibited. Raman's father, a very liberal elite minded man, accepted the idea of Raman selecting his own bride, even one from a different subset. However, the rest of the family, also Raman's mother, were displeased. Regardless of such bad situations, however, Raman followed his heart and insisted on having his own path. In fact, he even refused to accept dowry from the girl's side:
This song is about to be played on the Tyagaraja keertana [composition] 'Rama ni Samanam Evaro?' [Rama, is there anyone your equal?]. We shall never know whether it was by intent or by accident. Anyway, she insists that she still dont know if Raman married her for the extra allowance of Rs. 150 which the Finance Department gave to her married officers!
The couple had two sounds, Chandrasekhar and Radhakrishnan. Lokasundari came to be known as Lady Raman:
Those who have known her / it has been said that her main interest in life has been enabled. of her husband. This aspect of hers, besides being in line with the best of Indian traditions, was so recognisable on occasions that she drew the administration of all concerned.
he was gave position as Assistant Accountant-General in Calcutta in mid-1907-he was still a teenager then. His salary was then Rs. 400, including the marriage allowance. Raman and Lokasundari Both are left from Calcutta, capital of what was then British India.
Raman made of the various and scientific atmospheres of Calcutta, and was able to give full expression to his scientific creativity-Calcutta was then known as the first city for science in the East. Apart from being posted in Calcutta, Raman was also sent to Nagpur and Rangoon, Raman always found ways to conduct experiments at home.
one evening while returning from work, he holded the sign of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science. He started visiting the laboratory after hours and did experiments, which culminated with his Nobel Prize winning work.
Ramaseshan, author of C.V. Raman - A Pictorial Biodata, noted, "Many things happened in the last decade of Raman's life and time in his Institute and in the country affected Raman greatly. The half a dozen graduate students whom he had made to work at his Institute began to leave. By 1960 he was almost all alone. It was at this time that Raman started to isolate himself from the world outside his institution. raman built high walls on the compounds of his institute to discourage others. He underwent depression.
Much of Raman 's emotional turmoil was caused by the way things happened in the newly independent country:
It seems to be a scientifically important tool, but it is not sufficient that it is sufficient strength in the country for science to grow. The policy seems to be spending (however indiscriminate), would automatically be further progress of science and technology. He felt that the universities, which were then identified and generated, were exposed and decertified by the exodus of scientists and teachers to better-paid positions in large, impersonal government laboratories. Quantity appeared to be mistaken for quality. His attitude towards every person-especially the Government-became one of doubt and cynicism.
An example of Raman's source of disappointment with the Government is the idea that it would be useful to elaborate and advance scientifically. This contradiction Raman 's belief that even simple experiments can be conducted to find great scientific theories, as it is what he had done in the Presidency College himself. Depicting such thoughts, a story from Journey Into Light Goes, "... he has seen one of his students in a crest-fallen mood. The study was conducted with the help of a student who was conducting a study in the field of physics. "Do not worry," Raman told the student, "put 10 kW brain on the problem."
Raman Gave His Last Gandhi Memorial Reading, On the Cochlea and the perception of sound, on October 2, 1970. For the first and last time in his life, he asked for the audience to allow him to sit down while answering their questions. This was the beginning of the end:
Two days before Raman's passing, he let one know of his older folks, "Don't give the diaries of the Academy a chance to kick the bucket, since they are delicate pointers of the nature of the science rehearsed in the nation and the whether science is established or not. "
That equivalent night, Raman met with the top managerial staff of his organization and talked about with them (from his bed) any procedures concerning the heading of the foundation. Raman kicked the bucket of regular causes at a young hour the following morning, November 21, 1970.
RESEARCH;
In 1917, Raman surrendered from his legislature and took up the recently made Palit Professorship in Physics at the University of Calcutta. At the same time, he kept doing research at the IACS, where he turned into the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to allude to this timeframe. Numerous gifted understudies assembled at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. He was leader of the sixteenth session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929.
Notwithstanding his Nobel Prize winning work on the dispersing of light, Raman likewise dealt with the acoustics of melodic instruments. He chipped away at the hypothesis of transverse vibration of bowed strings, based on superposition speeds. This is a superior employment in clarifying the vibration of Helmholtz's methodology. He was additionally the first to examine the consonant idea of the Indian drums, for example, the tabla and the mridangam.
In 1933, Raman turned into the executive of the recently settled Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore. The IISc was set up in 1909 with the principle goal of achieving unique research and giving preparing in science and building. Up till Raman's arrangement, every one of them were British and were the majority of the staff. After two years, proceeded as a Professor of Physics. In 1947, he was selected as the primary National Professor by the new administration of Independent India.
He resigned from the Indian Institute of Science in 1948 and set up the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka, filling in as its executive and staying dynamic in 1970.
Raman Scattering ;
Raman won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the scrambling of light and the disclosure of the Raman impact. "Raman scrambling" or the "Raman impact" is the inelastic dispersing of a photon. Raman spectroscopy depends on this marvel.
At the point when light is scattered from an iota or particle, most photons are flexibly scattered (Rayleigh scrambling). The scattered photons have a similar vitality (recurrence) and consequently, wavelength, as the episode photons. Nonetheless, a little portion of scattered light (roughly one of every ten million photons) is scattered from excitations with optical frequencies, and typically lower than, the recurrence of the occurrence photons. Thus, when a light emission goes through this dissipating impact makes some of it rise as an alternate shading. This clarifies why the sea seems blue.
In a gas, Raman dispersing can happen with a vibrational, rotational, or electronic vitality of a particle (see vitality level). As Raman noticed, "The character of the scattered radiations in the structure of the scrambling substance."
In 1922, Raman distributed his work on the "Atomic Diffraction of Light," the first of a progression of examinations with his partners (1928) of the radiation impact which bears his name. The Raman impact was first revealed by C. V. Raman and K. S. Krishnan, and freely by Grigory Landsberg and Leonid Mandelstam, in 1928. Raman got the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the diffusing of light.
Physicists respected Raman's finding as evidence of quantum hypothesis. Scientific experts are essentially worried about the vibrational Raman impact. In 1998, the Raman Effect was assigned as an ACS National Historical Chemical Landmark in the Recognition of Its Significance as a Tool for Analyzing the Composition of Liquids, Gases, and Solids.
The Raman Effect varies from the procedure of fluorescence. For the last mentioned, the episode is completely retained and the framework is exchanged to a vivaciously energized state, from which it tends to be to different states after a specific period (reverberation lifetime). The aftereffect of the two procedures is basically the equivalent: a photon with a recurrence not quite the same as that of the episode photon is created and the particle is conveyed to a higher or lower vitality level. In any case, the significant contrast is that the Raman Effect can happen for any recurrence of episode light. Rather than the fluorescence impact, the Raman Effect is in this way not a thunderous impact
Inheritance ;
Raman spectroscopy, which utilizes the Raman impact, has been discovered an important device for the distinguishing proof and investigation of a wide officer of materials. It is utilized to dissect an extensive variety of materials, including exceedingly complex materials, for example, natural creatures and human tissue.
Raman was respected with countless doctorates and participations of logical social orders. He was chosen a Fellow of the Royal Society right off the bat in his vocation (1924) and knighted in 1929. Notwithstanding accepting the Nobel Prize in material science in 1930, he was granted the Bharat Ratna in 1954 and the Lenin Peace Prize (1957). India observes National Science Day on the 28th February of consistently to recognize Raman's disclosure in 1928. Pictures of C. V. Raman, his dad Chandrasekaran, and Professor Jones (Raman's material science educator) hang at the passageway of the address corridor of the Physics Department of Presidency College. In 1939, the Indian Academy of Sciences drew out a memorial volume on Raman's fiftieth birthday celebration.
Raman likewise began an organization called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943, alongside Dr. Krishnamurthy. The Company amid its multi year history built up four processing plants in Southern India.
C. V. Raman is the uncle of three incredibly famous physicists: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Nobel laureate; Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar FRS, known for Liquid precious stone research; and Sivaraj Ramaseshan, previous chief of the Indian Institute of Science.
Raman gave his vision for the eventual fate of the he built up the Raman Research Institute in Bangalore Karnataka in a letter in the blink of an eye before he kicked the bucket:
